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An APEC theory which was adopted from the very beginning of the organization’s founding in 1989. The characteristics of open regionalism, expressed in a report by the Peterson Institute, are: 1) the maximum possible extent of unilateral liberalization; 2) a commitment to continue reducing its barriers to non-member countries; 3) a willingness to extend its regional liberalization to non members on a mutually reciprocal basis; and 4) recognition that any individual APEC member can unilaterally extend its APEC liberalization to non-members on a conditional or unconditional basis.